Spain's Most Formidable Citadels

A fortress built by Philip V to keep Barcelona in check and torn down in 1868, whose traces survive in three buildings and in the park that took its place.

An Italian-style fortress that hides a remarkable museum inside, with more than 35,000 lead soldiers and a room devoted to the art of war.

A 16th- and 17th-century Renaissance fortress that is now a park and cultural venue, honoured by Europa Nostra and the jewel of Pamplona's defensive heritage.

Renaissance walls whose refortification was ordered by Charles I, sheltering within them the memory of Rhode, the enigmatic Greek colony from which Roses grew.